Advertisement: PRESENTATION

Pepsi Company

Hello, ladies and gentlemen. It's a pleasure to be with you today. My name's Elif Alış. I'd like to talk to you about Pepsi Company. First, I will give you historical of PepsiCo.
Pepsi-Cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. It is sold in stores, restaurants and from vending machines. The drink was first made in the 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New Bern, North Carolina.

Here’s some basic information about name’s of PepsiCo.
There are several theories on the origin of the word "pepsi".
1) The only two discussed within the current PepsiCo website are the following:
Caleb Bradham bought the name "Pep Kola" from a local competitor and changed it to Pepsi-Cola.
2) "Pepsi-Cola" is an anagram for "Episcopal" - a large church across the street from Bradham's drugstore. There is a plaque at the site of the original drugstore documenting this, though PepsiCo has denied this theory.

Pepsi, "Brad's drink" was changed to "Pepsi-Cola" and later trademarked on June 16, 1903. 1905 A new logo appears, the first change from the original created in 1898. The Pepsi trademark is registered in Mexico, Argentina, Soviet Union successively. 1964 A new product, Diet Pepsi, is introduced into Pepsi-Cola advertising.

Here's some basic information products of Pepsi Company.
There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years, including Diet Pepsi, Crystal Pepsi, Pepsi Twist, Pepsi Max, Pepsi Samba, Pepsi Blue, Pepsi Gold, Pepsi Holiday Spice, Pepsi Jazz, Pepsi X (available in Finland and Brazil), Pepsi Next (available in Japan and South Korea), Pepsi Raw, Pepsi Retro in Mexico and Pepsi Ice Cucumber in Japan.

Let’s have a look at some statistics.

2007 2006
Net Revenue: $ 13,591 $ 12,730
Growth Rate: 7% 8%
Operating Income: $ 1,095 $ 1,017
Growth Rate: 8% 6%
Diluted EPS: $ 2,20 $ 1.89
Growth Rate: 16% 11%
Operating Free Cash Flow: $ 597 $ 522
Growth Rate: 14% 4%

Secondly, I will talk about our states in other countries.
The Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc. (“PBG”) was incorporated in Delaware in January, 1999, as a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo, Inc. (“PepsiCo”) to effect the separation of most of PepsiCo’s company-owned bottling businesses. PBG is the world’s largest manufacturer, seller and distributor of Pepsi-Cola beverages. This company have the exclusive right to manufacture, sell and distribute Pepsi-Cola beverages in all or a portion of 41 states and the District of Columbia in the United States, nine Canadian provinces, Spain, Greece, Russia, Turkey and 23 states in Mexico.

To conclude, I want to tell you about our vision.
PepsiCo’s resposibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate - environment, social, economic - creating a beter tomorrow than today.

Thanks very much for listening to my talk.

LINKING WORDS

Linking word sentences:

1.Neither is money important to me, nor is success important to me.
2. Smoking is dangerous to one's health;however,millions of people continue to smoke.
3.He passed all his exams;in fact,he graduated with honors.
4.I can't speak French very well;therefore, I didn't enjoy my trip to france.
5.Don't be absent from class;otherwise,you will miss the review.
6.Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by % 1.25.
7.Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed.
8.Although it was cold, she went out in shorts.
9.While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown.
10.He went swimming in spite of the fact that the sea was cold.

Unit 3: BUSINESS

Vocabulary :

Cater : 1) A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. 2) (n.) To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions.
Innovation : 1. Introduction of something new, contarty to established customs, manners or rites. 2. The act of innovating; introduction of new things or methods.
Competitor : One who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competas; a rival.
Priceless : Too valuable to admit of being appraised; of inestimable worth; invaluable; worthless.
Strive : To try to achieve a result; to make efforts; to use exertions.
Exceed : To proceed beyond the given or supposed limit or measure of; to be larger, greater or better than (something); to go beyond(some limit); to surpass; to outgo.
Desire : To long for; to wish for earnestly; to covet; more formal or stronger word for want, another word for want.
Intangible : Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible.
Asset : Any article or seperable part of one's assets.
Reassurance: Assurance or confirmation renewed or repeated.
Tap into : Gain access.
Reputation : The estimation in which one is held; character in public opinion; the character attributed to a person, thing or action; repute.
Loyalty : The state or quality of being loyal; faithfulness or devotion to some person, cause or nation; fidelity to a superior or to duty etc.
Evolve : To unfold or unroll;to open and expand; to disentangle and exhibit clearly and satisfactorly; to develop; to derive; to educe.
Respond : To say something in return; to answer; to reply; to act in return; to exhibit some action or effect in return to a force or stimulus; to do something in response; to show some effect in return to a force.
Encourage : To give courage to; to inspire with courage, spirit or hope; to mentally support; to motivate.
Demographic : A demographic criterion: a characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender; a demographic group: a collection of people sharing a value for a certain demographic criterion.
Influence : A flowing in or upon; influx; the power to affect, control or manipulate something or someone; the ability to change the development of fluctuating things such as conduct, thoughts or decisions; the status of being able to dictate the actions or behaviors of an object or person; moral or political power over a person or group; ascendancy.
Efficiency : The quality of being efficient or producing an effect or effects; efficient power; effectual agency; the ratio of useful work to energy expended.
Transparency : The quality or condition of being transparent; especially, a picture painted on thin cloth or glass.
Wealth : Weal; welfare; prosperity; good; large possesions; a comparative abudance of things which are objects of human desire
Warehouse : A store house for wares or goods; to deposit or secure in a warehouse.
Nourish : To feed and cause to grow; to supply with matter which increases bulk or supplies waste, and promotes health; to furnish with nutriment; to support; to maintain.
Nourishment : The act of nourishing or the state of being nourished; nutrition;that which serves to nourish; nutriment ; food.
Nutrition : In the broadest sense, a process or series of processes by which the living organism as a whole ( or its component parts or organts) is maintained in its normal condition of life and growth.
Tangible : Perceptible to the touch; tactile; palpable; possible to be treated as fact; real or concrete.
Breeder : One who, or that which, breeds produces, brings up, etc.
Deteriorate : to make worse; to make inferior in quality or value; to impair; to grow worse; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate.
Inferior : Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc.; less important or valuable; subordinate; underneath; beneath.Retained : continued in your keeping or use or memory.
Benefit : An act of kindness; a favor conferred; whatever promotes prosperty and personel happines, or adds value to property; advantage; profit.
Urge : To press; to push;to drive; to impel; to force onward; to press the mind or will of; to ply with motives, arguments, persuasion, or impertunity.
Recommend: To commend to the favorable notice of another; to make acceptable, to attract favor to.
Capital İntensity : The term in economics for the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor.
Position : The state of being posited or placed; the manner in which anythings is placed; attitude; condition; as a firm; an inclined or an upright position.
Export : To carry away ; to remove; to carry or send abroad or out of a country, especiallyto foreing countries, as merchandise or commodities inthe way of commerce.
Distribute : To devide among several or many ; to deal out ; to apportion; to allot; to dispence; to administer.
Afford : To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result , fruit, or issue; to give grant or confer; with a remoter reference to its being the natural result.
Consumer : To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste or fire; to de devour.
Global : Universal; spherical.

LINKING WORDS EXERCISES

Complete the sentence with the appropriate linkword 1

1)
I didn't have enough money to pay for my lunch, ..so.. I had to do the washing up.
2)
..As.. I didn't have enough money to pay for my lunch, I had to do the washing up.
3)
I knew I had to pay the bill ..or.. do the washing-up.
4)
It doesn't seem likely ..that.. he will come.
5)
Don't come ..unless.. you are asked to.
6)
..If.. you change your mind, give me a ring before 3pm.
7)
..Although.. it was cold outside, he went out without his overcoat.
8)
..Even if.. my boss gives me a pay rise, I won't stay in this company any longer.
9)
He failed his exam ..because.. he didn't work enough.
10)
The dog bit the postman ..when.. he dropped the letter into the mailbox.
11)
I won't leave this room ..until.. my work is finished.
12)
..Since.. you ask me, my answer will be clear : No, I won't do it.
13)
Though it didn't take long to reach the hospital, he died ..before.. they got there.
14)
..As soon as.. I have finished this task, I'll go out for a drink.
15)
..In case.. you don't know, she is already married.
16)
I bought an anti-virus program ..so as to.. protect my data.
17)
..After.. I had finished typing the letter, I realized I had typed the wrong one.
18)
"I think, ..therefore.. I am", as Descartes said.
19)
..Whether.. you agree or not, I'll go to the States next year.
20)
..Either.. you do your work properly, ..or.. you won't be allowed to go to the movies tonight.

LINKING WORDS EXERCISES

Complete the sentence with the appropriate linkword(s) 2

1)
..Although.. they are very good friends, they don't really understand each other.
2)
The economic situation is ..such that.. I don't think it is a good idea to invest in luxury products.
3)
Just ..why.. the boss got so angry with his secretary, I do not know.
4)
The sales team has been working hard ..since.. the beginning of the year.
5)
Let me speak the truth ..as.. I see it.
6)
Better active today ..than.. radioactive tomorrow.
7)
You can start working ..whenever.. you like.
8)
The economic situation is ..such that.. nobody knows what to do.
9)
Everybody wonders ..whether.. the company is going to close down or dismiss some of the staff.
10)
"I'm a poor lonesome cowboy", ..as.. Lucky Luke used to say.
11)
I felt guilty ..as if.. I had done something wrong.
12)
..As for.. asking for a wage increase, I wouldn't even think of it.
13)
He was ..so.. shy ..as.. to refuse all invitations.
14)
The assistant finished the work by friday ..as.. agreed.
15)
Has he answered yet ? Not ..that.. I know of.
16)
She writes this way ..so as.. to shock the reader
17)
Hardly had I started working ..when.. the phone rang.
18)
Much ..as.. I'd like to go to the movies, I have to stay at home to finish this work.
19)
It wasn't very easy to judge ..whether.. the man meant what he said.
20)
Do you mind ..if.. I open the window ?

WRITING THE LETTER

1)
Dear Sirs,
We saw your equipment at ITMA Fair in Germany last month. We have recently bought a textile factory and would like to change our old machines and are interested in newer models. I hope to be replied our letter in these days. Please send us your catalogue. We look forward to hearing from you soon.

2)
Dear Ladies,
I have heard about you from my friend, Mrs Selma Aksu. We are now renovating our coiffeur store and I am looking for new cosmetic products. I intend to come your office this week. We would be grateful if you could send us more details. I hope to hear from you in the near future.

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Building up the letter

A. The beginning:
** We have seen your adversitement in America.
** We saw your equipment at Expo Zaragoza 2008 in July.
** I have got your adress from my customer, Mrs Seda Şimşek.
** You were recommended to me by the Spanish Tourist Authority.
B. The middle:
a)
** We have recently moved into new offices and would like to install new equipment.
** We have recently expended our business and would like to stock a wider range of products.
b)
** We are expanding our premises and are interested in a modern shelving system.
** We are renovating our store and are interested in a new air-conditioning system.
c)
** Our offices are being renovated and I am looking for new fitted carpets.
** Our stock is being expanded and I am looking for new lines of stationery.
d)
** I have decided to spend my holidays in Turkey this summer.
** I intend to come to Spain for six months this year.
e)
** We would be grateful if you could send me more details.
** Please send us lists of guests.
C. The end
** We look forward to hearing from you in the evening.
** I hope to hear from you soon.

Unit 3: BUSINESS

What is a brand?

The brand means a lot of thing like name, logo, corporate identity or just recognisable packaging for somebody. And it is a trust mark for others. Common brands' values are very high. Thus, chooses of people may be much easier and it provides to contact with customers correctly. Brands must know what consumer wants. It is a fact which keeps alive competition. Brand provide development of conturies with poorer economies.

The definition of a brand

Type of products is not important; brand recognises its creative. Brand must win consumer's trust and attachment. Strong brands always stand in marketplace. Brands can reach from one country to another. Brand is universal.

Developing brands
Firstly brands is developed as needs of consumer's. Then it is created as a unique market in position but developing of it took long time. Developing of brand consist of four stages:

1. Identifying consumer needs:
Consumer of needs are not static because needs can change with developing of technology. So the brands strive to improve with tecnology for corresponding needs.
2. Designing products:
Product design and packaging are very important because needs of consumer are corresponded by them. For example; canning, baking, chilling and freezing.
3. Cost-effective production:
If the product wants to be give value and competitive the cost-effective is requirement for it. Product efficiencies, marketing efficiencies and distiribution efficiencies are more important for competitor.
4. Creating brand positioning:
This is the way in which the product meets the consumer need. Most important thing that brand has to be orijinal for every product.

Managing brands
There are four activities for obtaining of brand considerablely:

1. Monitor lifestyle changes:
While a brand making change in design it always must be in good value as protect originality.
2. Explore technological changes:
The beneficts can increase with developing technology so the brand leaders have to profit from developments and bring benefits to the marketplace.
3. Measure product performance:
Product mustn't be decadent and never decrease to second grade.
4. Never change positioning:
If brand position change, consumer loses buyers' trust. For example; packaging, distribution and media communication will all change. So, brand position must be fixed.

Practica 2: ORAL PRESENTATION

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. It's a pleasure to be with you today. My name's Elif Alış. I'm the quality manager. I'd like to talk to you data qualities of definition. The purpose of this talk is to up date you on quality and controlling. I shall only take 30 minutes of your time. I plan to be brief. I devided my presentation in to five parts. They are:

1. Database is growing
2. Identification of unique individuals
3. System wide approach
4. Ensure data quality during correction process
5. Thoroughness of requirements

Please interrupt me if there is something which needs clarifying. Otherwise, there will be time for discussion at the end. I can see many of you are tired. Thank you for listening me.

ABOUT TEXTILE ENGINEERING

What is textile engineering?

Textile engineering (TE) or textile technology deals with the application of scientific and engineering principles to the design and control of all aspects of fiber, textile, and apparel processes, products, and machinery. These include natural and man-made materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation, and waste and pollution control. Additionally, textile engineers are given training and experience in plant design and layout, machine and wet process design and improvement, and designing and creating textile products.Textile classes are about; fibers, yarns, fabrics, dying and finishing process.Textile engineers work on product research and development, either improving current textile based products or creating new products. They may also be involved with finding uses for new fibers, yarns, fabrics, or textile finishes.

There are some specialization like:
** Textile chemical technology: It deals with the innovative solutions to today and tomorrow's textile wet processing opportunities.
** Fiber science technology: It deals with fiber and polymer research, helps to develops new fibers, and tries to increase the productive capacity.
** Technical textile: Technical textiles are the term given to textile products manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion. These include textile structures for autmotive applications, medical textiles ( e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of enbankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire figther clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection and bulletproof vests),spacesuits(astraunats).nufactured for non aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion.
** Computer application in textile: This study helps the engineers to design various products with the help of computers.

Graduates with textile chemistry find careers in dyeing and finishing, technical services, research and development, quality control, product development, polymer science and environmental control. Most graduates of the with textile management program initially enter management trainee programs which can ultimately lead to plant or corporate management. Other career options include technical sales, industrial engineering, product development, marketing, customer relations, human resources, and cost and inventory control.

FIBERS AND FABRICS

Fibres:
Textile materials are made three in stages:
* Spinning fibres into yarns
* Weaving or knitting yarns to make fabrics
* Finishing fabrics to make them more useful

There are three types of fibres. They are:
1. Natural fibres
2. Synthetic or man-made fibres
3. Modern fibres

1. Natural Fibres
Natural fibres come from plants and animals: cotton from the cotton plant, linen from the flax plant, wool from sheep, silk from silkworms.
** Natural fibres from plants:
Cotton: It is cool to wear, has a soft handle, a good drape, and is durable. It can be washed and ironed, but it creases easily, is very absorbent and dries slowly. It is used for making jeans, t-shirts and towels.
Linen: It is fresh and cool to wear, has a stiffer handle, and a good drape. It is used for summer clothing, tea towels and tablecloths.
**Natural fibres from animals:
Wool: It is warm to wear, absorbent, dries slowly, is breathable. But it doesn't have good drape, and is not durable .It is used for jumpers, suits and blankets.
Silk: It is warm to wear, absorbent, has a soft handle and a good lustre and drape. It is used for evening wear and ties.

2. Synthetic Fibres
Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals: viscose comes from pine trees or petrochemicals, while acrylic, nylon and polyester come from oil and coal.
Viscose: It has a soft handle, a good drape and can be washed and ironed. It is not durable and creases easily. It is used for shirts, dresses and linings.
Acrylic: It is warm to wear, non-absorbent, and fast-drying, with a soft handle like wool, and a good drape.It is used for jumpers, fleece jackets and blankets.
Polyester: It has a soft handle, a good drape, is very durable, crease-resistant, easy-care, non-absorbent, and fast drying. It is used for raincoats, fleece jackets, children's nightwear, medical textiles and working clothes.
Nylon: It has a soft handle, a good drape, is non-absorbent, fast drying, very durable, crease-resistant and easy-care. It is used for active sportswear, fleece jackets, socks and seat belts.

3. Modern fibres
** Microfibres can be blended with other synthetic or natural fibres.
** Microfibres are used for outdoor-pursuits clothing and active sportswear.
** Thermoplastic polyester or nylon microfibres can be heat-treated to give them coils, crimps and loops, which makes these textured yarns stretchy and warm. They are used for underwear, sportswear, knitwear and carpets.
Elastane (Lycra): This is always used in a blend with other fibres. It has good handle and drape, is durable, crease-resistant, stretchy (more comfortable) and is easy-care. It is used to make sportswear, body-hugging clothes and bandages.
Tencel: This is natural microfibre made from cellulose derived from wood-pulp. It has soft handle, good drape, is breathable, durable, crease-resistant, easy-care and biodegradable. It is absorbent and has low warmth.It is used for shirts and jeans.

Fabrics:
Most fabrics are made by weaving or knitting yarns together. Non-woven fabrics are made by bonding or felting fibres together.
1.Woven fabrics
2.Knitted fabrics
3.Non-woven fabrics
4.Modern, smart and combination fabrics

1. Woven fabrics
Woven fabrics are made up of a weft - the yarn going across the width of the fabric - and a warp - the yarn going down the length of the loom.The side of the fabric where the wefts are double back to form a non-fraying edge is called the selvedge.
There are two types of woven fabrics:
** Plain weave fabric
** Twill-weave fabric

2. Knitted fabrics
There are two types of knitted fabrics:
** Weft-knitted fabrics are made by hand or machine. Weft knitted fabric is made by looping together long length of yarn. The yarn runs in rows across the fabric. Weft knits are used for socks, T-shirts and jumpers.
** Warp-knitted fabric is made by machine and is used for swimwear. Warp knitted fabris is made by machine. The loops interlock vertically along the length of the fabric.

3. Non-woven fabrics
Non-woven fabric is made by bonding or felting:
** Bonded-fibre fabrics are made from webs of synthetic fibres bonded together with heat or adhesives. They are easy to sew, crease-resistant, do not fray and are stable to washing and dry-cleaning.
** Wool felt is a non-woven fabric made from animal hair or wool fibres matted together using moisture, heat and pressure. It is used for hats and slippers and in handcrafts.

4. Modern, smart and combination fabrics
Modern and smart fabrics are designed to maximise characteristics such as lightness, breathability, waterproofing etc - or to react to heat or light. They are usually manufactured using microfibres. The table shows some key modern fabrics and their properties.
Combination fabrics: Fabrics can be layered and combined to improve their handle, appearance or performance. For example:
- An interfacing fabric such as Vilene can be stitched or laminated to other fabrics. This reinforces, stiffens and gives strength to collars and cuffs and prevents the fabric from stretching or sagging.
- A quilted fabric has two or more layers sewn together to give an attractive appearance and added warmth.
- Gore-Tex can be laminated to another fabric using adhesive or heat. Gore-Tex is used for all-weather clothing and shoes because it is breathable and waterproof.

Choosing materials
It is important to choose materials that are fit for their purpose.
** Fibre content - should you use natural or synthetic fibres?
** Fabric construction - should you use woven, knitted or non-woven?
** Manufacturing processes - should you use dyeing, printing, mechanical finishing or chemical finishing?
** End-use of the fabric. What are you making - jeans, jumper, sportswear or a seatbelt?
** Maintenance. What are the aftercare requirements of the product?

Unit 1: ENGINEERING MATERIALS IRON AND STEEL

Questions and Answers:

1. What is the first stage of the smelting of iron ore?
** Smelting of iron ore takes place in a blast furnace.At the beginning of the process the furnace is charged with coke(C), iron ore (Fe2O3) and limestone (CaCO3), which are placed in alternate layers.

2. What is the second stage?
** Then a blast of hot air at high pressure enters through the tuyere at the bottom of the furnace.

3. When does the coke burn to form carbaon dioxide?
** At the second stage the coke burns to form carbon dioxide.

4. Which reactions are simultaneous?
** The carbom monoxide then reacts with the hot iron ore, forming iron and carbon dioxide. At the same time, the limestone absorbs earthy impuruties from the ore, forming a liquid know as slag.

5. Why does the slag float on top of the molten iron?
** Because they are two layers there.

6. What is the final stage of the smelting of iron ore?
** The molten crude iron and slag pass out of the furnace at different levels.