3.1 :
A) The cleaneast energy source in my opinion based on the info provided on the website is , solar energy, this is because it is abundant in supply and is compleatly non polluting There are no carbon emissions in converting solar energy to electricity. Therefore it is the cleanest energy source.
B) The reason why solar panels are not commonly used is simply because of cost , manufacturing solar panels is quite expensive , and as such they are quite expensive to use. The other reason why solar panels are not used so commonly is because , energy storage is a big issue , i.e at night and in bad sun conditions there arent too many options of using solar energy and as such an alternative system has to be included in solar applications for backup this drives the cost of solar systems really high.
C) Wind turbines are quite effective in the sense that they can generate direct electricity from the wind. The biggest problem concerning wind turbines is the fact that the energy they generate is very unreliable because of the wind unreliability , i.e sometimes there is a lot of wind sometimes there is nothing , then the turbines will not generate any power which again calls for back up systems , driving costs up.
D) Another clean energy technology would be Fuel Cells , as fuel cells directly oxidize hydrogen , and electrochemically convert chemical energy into electricity, as such they are clean as no co2 is produced. A new source of energy can be the free energy source ,or also known as the zero point energy. There are various models out there which seem to work. But another more realistic new energy is nuclear fusion ( not fission) fusion has no harmful products unlike fission and can provide all the energy we need.
3.2 :
Global warming is essentially the phenomena which is responsible for the increase in the average temperature of the earths near surface air , this phenomena has been significant since the mid- twentieth century. This biggest impact of this increase in temperature has been on the polar ice caps , as they have started melting and this in turn has started causing the ocean level to increase slightly , this in turn affects life in the ocean , a lot of coral reefs are affected a lot of plants and species of fishes have been affected. Another big impact has been the weather patterns have started changing , this is because of natural convection currents , and wind temperatures and velocities , and rain storms , cloud formations are all affected by the temperature of the earths near surface air temperature. The only solution is to stop the damage that has not been done yet , and this can be done by adapting clean energy systems and reducing greenhouse gases like co2 , so2 , and no2 which contribute to the temperature increase of the environment. So we should try and get rid of dirty power plants like coal , gas , nuclear , and switch to hydro power , solar , wind , and so on..
3.3 :
Well i can take action by participating in their rallies and helping out with their website and perhaps preparing material and doing research for them.I don not belong to an such organization as of yet. Perhaps i might become a member of such an organization , but right now ill try to do as much as i can by saving electricity and being more careful about global warming. As of now i dont have any plans on joining such an organization as i am quite busy with school and other things , but perhaps later on i might.
3.4 :
Debate question to Greenpeace and shareholder: As you know there has to be balance between how much wealth can be made at the expense of the environment and how much can be conserved,what do u think this balance should be and how should it be implemented successfully.
26 Haziran 2008 Perşembe
12 Mayıs 2008 Pazartesi
Advertisement: PRESENTATION
Pepsi Company
Hello, ladies and gentlemen. It's a pleasure to be with you today. My name's Elif Alış. I'd like to talk to you about Pepsi Company. First, I will give you historical of PepsiCo.
Pepsi-Cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. It is sold in stores, restaurants and from vending machines. The drink was first made in the 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New Bern, North Carolina.
Here’s some basic information about name’s of PepsiCo.
There are several theories on the origin of the word "pepsi".
1) The only two discussed within the current PepsiCo website are the following:
Caleb Bradham bought the name "Pep Kola" from a local competitor and changed it to Pepsi-Cola.
2) "Pepsi-Cola" is an anagram for "Episcopal" - a large church across the street from Bradham's drugstore. There is a plaque at the site of the original drugstore documenting this, though PepsiCo has denied this theory.
Pepsi, "Brad's drink" was changed to "Pepsi-Cola" and later trademarked on June 16, 1903. 1905 A new logo appears, the first change from the original created in 1898. The Pepsi trademark is registered in Mexico, Argentina, Soviet Union successively. 1964 A new product, Diet Pepsi, is introduced into Pepsi-Cola advertising.
Here's some basic information products of Pepsi Company.
There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years, including Diet Pepsi, Crystal Pepsi, Pepsi Twist, Pepsi Max, Pepsi Samba, Pepsi Blue, Pepsi Gold, Pepsi Holiday Spice, Pepsi Jazz, Pepsi X (available in Finland and Brazil), Pepsi Next (available in Japan and South Korea), Pepsi Raw, Pepsi Retro in Mexico and Pepsi Ice Cucumber in Japan.
Let’s have a look at some statistics.
2007 2006
Net Revenue: $ 13,591 $ 12,730
Growth Rate: 7% 8%
Operating Income: $ 1,095 $ 1,017
Growth Rate: 8% 6%
Diluted EPS: $ 2,20 $ 1.89
Growth Rate: 16% 11%
Operating Free Cash Flow: $ 597 $ 522
Growth Rate: 14% 4%
Secondly, I will talk about our states in other countries.
The Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc. (“PBG”) was incorporated in Delaware in January, 1999, as a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo, Inc. (“PepsiCo”) to effect the separation of most of PepsiCo’s company-owned bottling businesses. PBG is the world’s largest manufacturer, seller and distributor of Pepsi-Cola beverages. This company have the exclusive right to manufacture, sell and distribute Pepsi-Cola beverages in all or a portion of 41 states and the District of Columbia in the United States, nine Canadian provinces, Spain, Greece, Russia, Turkey and 23 states in Mexico.
To conclude, I want to tell you about our vision.
PepsiCo’s resposibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate - environment, social, economic - creating a beter tomorrow than today.
Thanks very much for listening to my talk.
Hello, ladies and gentlemen. It's a pleasure to be with you today. My name's Elif Alış. I'd like to talk to you about Pepsi Company. First, I will give you historical of PepsiCo.
Pepsi-Cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. It is sold in stores, restaurants and from vending machines. The drink was first made in the 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New Bern, North Carolina.
Here’s some basic information about name’s of PepsiCo.
There are several theories on the origin of the word "pepsi".
1) The only two discussed within the current PepsiCo website are the following:
Caleb Bradham bought the name "Pep Kola" from a local competitor and changed it to Pepsi-Cola.
2) "Pepsi-Cola" is an anagram for "Episcopal" - a large church across the street from Bradham's drugstore. There is a plaque at the site of the original drugstore documenting this, though PepsiCo has denied this theory.
Pepsi, "Brad's drink" was changed to "Pepsi-Cola" and later trademarked on June 16, 1903. 1905 A new logo appears, the first change from the original created in 1898. The Pepsi trademark is registered in Mexico, Argentina, Soviet Union successively. 1964 A new product, Diet Pepsi, is introduced into Pepsi-Cola advertising.
Here's some basic information products of Pepsi Company.
There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years, including Diet Pepsi, Crystal Pepsi, Pepsi Twist, Pepsi Max, Pepsi Samba, Pepsi Blue, Pepsi Gold, Pepsi Holiday Spice, Pepsi Jazz, Pepsi X (available in Finland and Brazil), Pepsi Next (available in Japan and South Korea), Pepsi Raw, Pepsi Retro in Mexico and Pepsi Ice Cucumber in Japan.
Let’s have a look at some statistics.
2007 2006
Net Revenue: $ 13,591 $ 12,730
Growth Rate: 7% 8%
Operating Income: $ 1,095 $ 1,017
Growth Rate: 8% 6%
Diluted EPS: $ 2,20 $ 1.89
Growth Rate: 16% 11%
Operating Free Cash Flow: $ 597 $ 522
Growth Rate: 14% 4%
Secondly, I will talk about our states in other countries.
The Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc. (“PBG”) was incorporated in Delaware in January, 1999, as a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo, Inc. (“PepsiCo”) to effect the separation of most of PepsiCo’s company-owned bottling businesses. PBG is the world’s largest manufacturer, seller and distributor of Pepsi-Cola beverages. This company have the exclusive right to manufacture, sell and distribute Pepsi-Cola beverages in all or a portion of 41 states and the District of Columbia in the United States, nine Canadian provinces, Spain, Greece, Russia, Turkey and 23 states in Mexico.
To conclude, I want to tell you about our vision.
PepsiCo’s resposibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate - environment, social, economic - creating a beter tomorrow than today.
Thanks very much for listening to my talk.
5 Mayıs 2008 Pazartesi
LINKING WORDS
Linking word sentences:
1.Neither is money important to me, nor is success important to me.
2. Smoking is dangerous to one's health;however,millions of people continue to smoke.
3.He passed all his exams;in fact,he graduated with honors.
4.I can't speak French very well;therefore, I didn't enjoy my trip to france.
5.Don't be absent from class;otherwise,you will miss the review.
6.Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by % 1.25.
7.Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed.
8.Although it was cold, she went out in shorts.
9.While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown.
10.He went swimming in spite of the fact that the sea was cold.
1.Neither is money important to me, nor is success important to me.
2. Smoking is dangerous to one's health;however,millions of people continue to smoke.
3.He passed all his exams;in fact,he graduated with honors.
4.I can't speak French very well;therefore, I didn't enjoy my trip to france.
5.Don't be absent from class;otherwise,you will miss the review.
6.Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by % 1.25.
7.Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed.
8.Although it was cold, she went out in shorts.
9.While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown.
10.He went swimming in spite of the fact that the sea was cold.
Unit 3: BUSINESS
Vocabulary :
Cater : 1) A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. 2) (n.) To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions.
Innovation : 1. Introduction of something new, contarty to established customs, manners or rites. 2. The act of innovating; introduction of new things or methods.
Competitor : One who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competas; a rival.
Priceless : Too valuable to admit of being appraised; of inestimable worth; invaluable; worthless.
Strive : To try to achieve a result; to make efforts; to use exertions.
Exceed : To proceed beyond the given or supposed limit or measure of; to be larger, greater or better than (something); to go beyond(some limit); to surpass; to outgo.
Desire : To long for; to wish for earnestly; to covet; more formal or stronger word for want, another word for want.
Intangible : Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible.
Asset : Any article or seperable part of one's assets.
Reassurance: Assurance or confirmation renewed or repeated.
Tap into : Gain access.
Reputation : The estimation in which one is held; character in public opinion; the character attributed to a person, thing or action; repute.
Loyalty : The state or quality of being loyal; faithfulness or devotion to some person, cause or nation; fidelity to a superior or to duty etc.
Evolve : To unfold or unroll;to open and expand; to disentangle and exhibit clearly and satisfactorly; to develop; to derive; to educe.
Respond : To say something in return; to answer; to reply; to act in return; to exhibit some action or effect in return to a force or stimulus; to do something in response; to show some effect in return to a force.
Encourage : To give courage to; to inspire with courage, spirit or hope; to mentally support; to motivate.
Demographic : A demographic criterion: a characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender; a demographic group: a collection of people sharing a value for a certain demographic criterion.
Influence : A flowing in or upon; influx; the power to affect, control or manipulate something or someone; the ability to change the development of fluctuating things such as conduct, thoughts or decisions; the status of being able to dictate the actions or behaviors of an object or person; moral or political power over a person or group; ascendancy.
Efficiency : The quality of being efficient or producing an effect or effects; efficient power; effectual agency; the ratio of useful work to energy expended.
Transparency : The quality or condition of being transparent; especially, a picture painted on thin cloth or glass.
Wealth : Weal; welfare; prosperity; good; large possesions; a comparative abudance of things which are objects of human desire
Warehouse : A store house for wares or goods; to deposit or secure in a warehouse.
Nourish : To feed and cause to grow; to supply with matter which increases bulk or supplies waste, and promotes health; to furnish with nutriment; to support; to maintain.
Nourishment : The act of nourishing or the state of being nourished; nutrition;that which serves to nourish; nutriment ; food.
Nutrition : In the broadest sense, a process or series of processes by which the living organism as a whole ( or its component parts or organts) is maintained in its normal condition of life and growth.
Tangible : Perceptible to the touch; tactile; palpable; possible to be treated as fact; real or concrete.
Breeder : One who, or that which, breeds produces, brings up, etc.
Deteriorate : to make worse; to make inferior in quality or value; to impair; to grow worse; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate.
Inferior : Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc.; less important or valuable; subordinate; underneath; beneath.Retained : continued in your keeping or use or memory.
Benefit : An act of kindness; a favor conferred; whatever promotes prosperty and personel happines, or adds value to property; advantage; profit.
Urge : To press; to push;to drive; to impel; to force onward; to press the mind or will of; to ply with motives, arguments, persuasion, or impertunity.
Recommend: To commend to the favorable notice of another; to make acceptable, to attract favor to.
Capital İntensity : The term in economics for the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor.
Position : The state of being posited or placed; the manner in which anythings is placed; attitude; condition; as a firm; an inclined or an upright position.
Export : To carry away ; to remove; to carry or send abroad or out of a country, especiallyto foreing countries, as merchandise or commodities inthe way of commerce.
Distribute : To devide among several or many ; to deal out ; to apportion; to allot; to dispence; to administer.
Afford : To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result , fruit, or issue; to give grant or confer; with a remoter reference to its being the natural result.
Consumer : To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste or fire; to de devour.
Global : Universal; spherical.
Cater : 1) A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. 2) (n.) To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions.
Innovation : 1. Introduction of something new, contarty to established customs, manners or rites. 2. The act of innovating; introduction of new things or methods.
Competitor : One who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competas; a rival.
Priceless : Too valuable to admit of being appraised; of inestimable worth; invaluable; worthless.
Strive : To try to achieve a result; to make efforts; to use exertions.
Exceed : To proceed beyond the given or supposed limit or measure of; to be larger, greater or better than (something); to go beyond(some limit); to surpass; to outgo.
Desire : To long for; to wish for earnestly; to covet; more formal or stronger word for want, another word for want.
Intangible : Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible.
Asset : Any article or seperable part of one's assets.
Reassurance: Assurance or confirmation renewed or repeated.
Tap into : Gain access.
Reputation : The estimation in which one is held; character in public opinion; the character attributed to a person, thing or action; repute.
Loyalty : The state or quality of being loyal; faithfulness or devotion to some person, cause or nation; fidelity to a superior or to duty etc.
Evolve : To unfold or unroll;to open and expand; to disentangle and exhibit clearly and satisfactorly; to develop; to derive; to educe.
Respond : To say something in return; to answer; to reply; to act in return; to exhibit some action or effect in return to a force or stimulus; to do something in response; to show some effect in return to a force.
Encourage : To give courage to; to inspire with courage, spirit or hope; to mentally support; to motivate.
Demographic : A demographic criterion: a characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender; a demographic group: a collection of people sharing a value for a certain demographic criterion.
Influence : A flowing in or upon; influx; the power to affect, control or manipulate something or someone; the ability to change the development of fluctuating things such as conduct, thoughts or decisions; the status of being able to dictate the actions or behaviors of an object or person; moral or political power over a person or group; ascendancy.
Efficiency : The quality of being efficient or producing an effect or effects; efficient power; effectual agency; the ratio of useful work to energy expended.
Transparency : The quality or condition of being transparent; especially, a picture painted on thin cloth or glass.
Wealth : Weal; welfare; prosperity; good; large possesions; a comparative abudance of things which are objects of human desire
Warehouse : A store house for wares or goods; to deposit or secure in a warehouse.
Nourish : To feed and cause to grow; to supply with matter which increases bulk or supplies waste, and promotes health; to furnish with nutriment; to support; to maintain.
Nourishment : The act of nourishing or the state of being nourished; nutrition;that which serves to nourish; nutriment ; food.
Nutrition : In the broadest sense, a process or series of processes by which the living organism as a whole ( or its component parts or organts) is maintained in its normal condition of life and growth.
Tangible : Perceptible to the touch; tactile; palpable; possible to be treated as fact; real or concrete.
Breeder : One who, or that which, breeds produces, brings up, etc.
Deteriorate : to make worse; to make inferior in quality or value; to impair; to grow worse; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate.
Inferior : Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc.; less important or valuable; subordinate; underneath; beneath.Retained : continued in your keeping or use or memory.
Benefit : An act of kindness; a favor conferred; whatever promotes prosperty and personel happines, or adds value to property; advantage; profit.
Urge : To press; to push;to drive; to impel; to force onward; to press the mind or will of; to ply with motives, arguments, persuasion, or impertunity.
Recommend: To commend to the favorable notice of another; to make acceptable, to attract favor to.
Capital İntensity : The term in economics for the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor.
Position : The state of being posited or placed; the manner in which anythings is placed; attitude; condition; as a firm; an inclined or an upright position.
Export : To carry away ; to remove; to carry or send abroad or out of a country, especiallyto foreing countries, as merchandise or commodities inthe way of commerce.
Distribute : To devide among several or many ; to deal out ; to apportion; to allot; to dispence; to administer.
Afford : To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result , fruit, or issue; to give grant or confer; with a remoter reference to its being the natural result.
Consumer : To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste or fire; to de devour.
Global : Universal; spherical.
LINKING WORDS EXERCISES
Complete the sentence with the appropriate linkword 1
1)
I didn't have enough money to pay for my lunch, ..so.. I had to do the washing up.
2)
..As.. I didn't have enough money to pay for my lunch, I had to do the washing up.
3)
I knew I had to pay the bill ..or.. do the washing-up.
4)
It doesn't seem likely ..that.. he will come.
5)
Don't come ..unless.. you are asked to.
6)
..If.. you change your mind, give me a ring before 3pm.
7)
..Although.. it was cold outside, he went out without his overcoat.
8)
..Even if.. my boss gives me a pay rise, I won't stay in this company any longer.
9)
He failed his exam ..because.. he didn't work enough.
10)
The dog bit the postman ..when.. he dropped the letter into the mailbox.
11)
I won't leave this room ..until.. my work is finished.
12)
..Since.. you ask me, my answer will be clear : No, I won't do it.
13)
Though it didn't take long to reach the hospital, he died ..before.. they got there.
14)
..As soon as.. I have finished this task, I'll go out for a drink.
15)
..In case.. you don't know, she is already married.
16)
I bought an anti-virus program ..so as to.. protect my data.
17)
..After.. I had finished typing the letter, I realized I had typed the wrong one.
18)
"I think, ..therefore.. I am", as Descartes said.
19)
..Whether.. you agree or not, I'll go to the States next year.
20)
..Either.. you do your work properly, ..or.. you won't be allowed to go to the movies tonight.
1)
I didn't have enough money to pay for my lunch, ..so.. I had to do the washing up.
2)
..As.. I didn't have enough money to pay for my lunch, I had to do the washing up.
3)
I knew I had to pay the bill ..or.. do the washing-up.
4)
It doesn't seem likely ..that.. he will come.
5)
Don't come ..unless.. you are asked to.
6)
..If.. you change your mind, give me a ring before 3pm.
7)
..Although.. it was cold outside, he went out without his overcoat.
8)
..Even if.. my boss gives me a pay rise, I won't stay in this company any longer.
9)
He failed his exam ..because.. he didn't work enough.
10)
The dog bit the postman ..when.. he dropped the letter into the mailbox.
11)
I won't leave this room ..until.. my work is finished.
12)
..Since.. you ask me, my answer will be clear : No, I won't do it.
13)
Though it didn't take long to reach the hospital, he died ..before.. they got there.
14)
..As soon as.. I have finished this task, I'll go out for a drink.
15)
..In case.. you don't know, she is already married.
16)
I bought an anti-virus program ..so as to.. protect my data.
17)
..After.. I had finished typing the letter, I realized I had typed the wrong one.
18)
"I think, ..therefore.. I am", as Descartes said.
19)
..Whether.. you agree or not, I'll go to the States next year.
20)
..Either.. you do your work properly, ..or.. you won't be allowed to go to the movies tonight.
LINKING WORDS EXERCISES
Complete the sentence with the appropriate linkword(s) 2
1)
..Although.. they are very good friends, they don't really understand each other.
2)
The economic situation is ..such that.. I don't think it is a good idea to invest in luxury products.
3)
Just ..why.. the boss got so angry with his secretary, I do not know.
4)
The sales team has been working hard ..since.. the beginning of the year.
5)
Let me speak the truth ..as.. I see it.
6)
Better active today ..than.. radioactive tomorrow.
7)
You can start working ..whenever.. you like.
8)
The economic situation is ..such that.. nobody knows what to do.
9)
Everybody wonders ..whether.. the company is going to close down or dismiss some of the staff.
10)
"I'm a poor lonesome cowboy", ..as.. Lucky Luke used to say.
11)
I felt guilty ..as if.. I had done something wrong.
12)
..As for.. asking for a wage increase, I wouldn't even think of it.
13)
He was ..so.. shy ..as.. to refuse all invitations.
14)
The assistant finished the work by friday ..as.. agreed.
15)
Has he answered yet ? Not ..that.. I know of.
16)
She writes this way ..so as.. to shock the reader
17)
Hardly had I started working ..when.. the phone rang.
18)
Much ..as.. I'd like to go to the movies, I have to stay at home to finish this work.
19)
It wasn't very easy to judge ..whether.. the man meant what he said.
20)
Do you mind ..if.. I open the window ?
1)
..Although.. they are very good friends, they don't really understand each other.
2)
The economic situation is ..such that.. I don't think it is a good idea to invest in luxury products.
3)
Just ..why.. the boss got so angry with his secretary, I do not know.
4)
The sales team has been working hard ..since.. the beginning of the year.
5)
Let me speak the truth ..as.. I see it.
6)
Better active today ..than.. radioactive tomorrow.
7)
You can start working ..whenever.. you like.
8)
The economic situation is ..such that.. nobody knows what to do.
9)
Everybody wonders ..whether.. the company is going to close down or dismiss some of the staff.
10)
"I'm a poor lonesome cowboy", ..as.. Lucky Luke used to say.
11)
I felt guilty ..as if.. I had done something wrong.
12)
..As for.. asking for a wage increase, I wouldn't even think of it.
13)
He was ..so.. shy ..as.. to refuse all invitations.
14)
The assistant finished the work by friday ..as.. agreed.
15)
Has he answered yet ? Not ..that.. I know of.
16)
She writes this way ..so as.. to shock the reader
17)
Hardly had I started working ..when.. the phone rang.
18)
Much ..as.. I'd like to go to the movies, I have to stay at home to finish this work.
19)
It wasn't very easy to judge ..whether.. the man meant what he said.
20)
Do you mind ..if.. I open the window ?
2 Mayıs 2008 Cuma
WRITING THE LETTER
1)
Dear Sirs,
We saw your equipment at ITMA Fair in Germany last month. We have recently bought a textile factory and would like to change our old machines and are interested in newer models. I hope to be replied our letter in these days. Please send us your catalogue. We look forward to hearing from you soon.
2)
Dear Ladies,
I have heard about you from my friend, Mrs Selma Aksu. We are now renovating our coiffeur store and I am looking for new cosmetic products. I intend to come your office this week. We would be grateful if you could send us more details. I hope to hear from you in the near future.
Dear Sirs,
We saw your equipment at ITMA Fair in Germany last month. We have recently bought a textile factory and would like to change our old machines and are interested in newer models. I hope to be replied our letter in these days. Please send us your catalogue. We look forward to hearing from you soon.
2)
Dear Ladies,
I have heard about you from my friend, Mrs Selma Aksu. We are now renovating our coiffeur store and I am looking for new cosmetic products. I intend to come your office this week. We would be grateful if you could send us more details. I hope to hear from you in the near future.
ASKING FOR INFORMATION
Building up the letter
A. The beginning:
** We have seen your adversitement in America.
** We saw your equipment at Expo Zaragoza 2008 in July.
** I have got your adress from my customer, Mrs Seda Şimşek.
** You were recommended to me by the Spanish Tourist Authority.
B. The middle:
a)
** We have recently moved into new offices and would like to install new equipment.
** We have recently expended our business and would like to stock a wider range of products.
b)
** We are expanding our premises and are interested in a modern shelving system.
** We are renovating our store and are interested in a new air-conditioning system.
c)
** Our offices are being renovated and I am looking for new fitted carpets.
** Our stock is being expanded and I am looking for new lines of stationery.
d)
** I have decided to spend my holidays in Turkey this summer.
** I intend to come to Spain for six months this year.
e)
** We would be grateful if you could send me more details.
** Please send us lists of guests.
C. The end
** We look forward to hearing from you in the evening.
** I hope to hear from you soon.
A. The beginning:
** We have seen your adversitement in America.
** We saw your equipment at Expo Zaragoza 2008 in July.
** I have got your adress from my customer, Mrs Seda Şimşek.
** You were recommended to me by the Spanish Tourist Authority.
B. The middle:
a)
** We have recently moved into new offices and would like to install new equipment.
** We have recently expended our business and would like to stock a wider range of products.
b)
** We are expanding our premises and are interested in a modern shelving system.
** We are renovating our store and are interested in a new air-conditioning system.
c)
** Our offices are being renovated and I am looking for new fitted carpets.
** Our stock is being expanded and I am looking for new lines of stationery.
d)
** I have decided to spend my holidays in Turkey this summer.
** I intend to come to Spain for six months this year.
e)
** We would be grateful if you could send me more details.
** Please send us lists of guests.
C. The end
** We look forward to hearing from you in the evening.
** I hope to hear from you soon.
Unit 3: BUSINESS
What is a brand?
The brand means a lot of thing like name, logo, corporate identity or just recognisable packaging for somebody. And it is a trust mark for others. Common brands' values are very high. Thus, chooses of people may be much easier and it provides to contact with customers correctly. Brands must know what consumer wants. It is a fact which keeps alive competition. Brand provide development of conturies with poorer economies.
The definition of a brand
Type of products is not important; brand recognises its creative. Brand must win consumer's trust and attachment. Strong brands always stand in marketplace. Brands can reach from one country to another. Brand is universal.
Developing brands
Firstly brands is developed as needs of consumer's. Then it is created as a unique market in position but developing of it took long time. Developing of brand consist of four stages:
1. Identifying consumer needs:
Consumer of needs are not static because needs can change with developing of technology. So the brands strive to improve with tecnology for corresponding needs.
2. Designing products:
Product design and packaging are very important because needs of consumer are corresponded by them. For example; canning, baking, chilling and freezing.
3. Cost-effective production:
If the product wants to be give value and competitive the cost-effective is requirement for it. Product efficiencies, marketing efficiencies and distiribution efficiencies are more important for competitor.
4. Creating brand positioning:
This is the way in which the product meets the consumer need. Most important thing that brand has to be orijinal for every product.
Managing brands
There are four activities for obtaining of brand considerablely:
1. Monitor lifestyle changes:
While a brand making change in design it always must be in good value as protect originality.
2. Explore technological changes:
The beneficts can increase with developing technology so the brand leaders have to profit from developments and bring benefits to the marketplace.
3. Measure product performance:
Product mustn't be decadent and never decrease to second grade.
4. Never change positioning:
If brand position change, consumer loses buyers' trust. For example; packaging, distribution and media communication will all change. So, brand position must be fixed.
The brand means a lot of thing like name, logo, corporate identity or just recognisable packaging for somebody. And it is a trust mark for others. Common brands' values are very high. Thus, chooses of people may be much easier and it provides to contact with customers correctly. Brands must know what consumer wants. It is a fact which keeps alive competition. Brand provide development of conturies with poorer economies.
The definition of a brand
Type of products is not important; brand recognises its creative. Brand must win consumer's trust and attachment. Strong brands always stand in marketplace. Brands can reach from one country to another. Brand is universal.
Developing brands
Firstly brands is developed as needs of consumer's. Then it is created as a unique market in position but developing of it took long time. Developing of brand consist of four stages:
1. Identifying consumer needs:
Consumer of needs are not static because needs can change with developing of technology. So the brands strive to improve with tecnology for corresponding needs.
2. Designing products:
Product design and packaging are very important because needs of consumer are corresponded by them. For example; canning, baking, chilling and freezing.
3. Cost-effective production:
If the product wants to be give value and competitive the cost-effective is requirement for it. Product efficiencies, marketing efficiencies and distiribution efficiencies are more important for competitor.
4. Creating brand positioning:
This is the way in which the product meets the consumer need. Most important thing that brand has to be orijinal for every product.
Managing brands
There are four activities for obtaining of brand considerablely:
1. Monitor lifestyle changes:
While a brand making change in design it always must be in good value as protect originality.
2. Explore technological changes:
The beneficts can increase with developing technology so the brand leaders have to profit from developments and bring benefits to the marketplace.
3. Measure product performance:
Product mustn't be decadent and never decrease to second grade.
4. Never change positioning:
If brand position change, consumer loses buyers' trust. For example; packaging, distribution and media communication will all change. So, brand position must be fixed.
1 Mayıs 2008 Perşembe
Practica 2: ORAL PRESENTATION
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. It's a pleasure to be with you today. My name's Elif Alış. I'm the quality manager. I'd like to talk to you data qualities of definition. The purpose of this talk is to up date you on quality and controlling. I shall only take 30 minutes of your time. I plan to be brief. I devided my presentation in to five parts. They are:
1. Database is growing
2. Identification of unique individuals
3. System wide approach
4. Ensure data quality during correction process
5. Thoroughness of requirements
Please interrupt me if there is something which needs clarifying. Otherwise, there will be time for discussion at the end. I can see many of you are tired. Thank you for listening me.
1. Database is growing
2. Identification of unique individuals
3. System wide approach
4. Ensure data quality during correction process
5. Thoroughness of requirements
Please interrupt me if there is something which needs clarifying. Otherwise, there will be time for discussion at the end. I can see many of you are tired. Thank you for listening me.
ABOUT TEXTILE ENGINEERING
What is textile engineering?
Textile engineering (TE) or textile technology deals with the application of scientific and engineering principles to the design and control of all aspects of fiber, textile, and apparel processes, products, and machinery. These include natural and man-made materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation, and waste and pollution control. Additionally, textile engineers are given training and experience in plant design and layout, machine and wet process design and improvement, and designing and creating textile products.Textile classes are about; fibers, yarns, fabrics, dying and finishing process.Textile engineers work on product research and development, either improving current textile based products or creating new products. They may also be involved with finding uses for new fibers, yarns, fabrics, or textile finishes.
There are some specialization like:
** Textile chemical technology: It deals with the innovative solutions to today and tomorrow's textile wet processing opportunities.
** Fiber science technology: It deals with fiber and polymer research, helps to develops new fibers, and tries to increase the productive capacity.
** Technical textile: Technical textiles are the term given to textile products manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion. These include textile structures for autmotive applications, medical textiles ( e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of enbankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire figther clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection and bulletproof vests),spacesuits(astraunats).nufactured for non aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion.
** Computer application in textile: This study helps the engineers to design various products with the help of computers.
Graduates with textile chemistry find careers in dyeing and finishing, technical services, research and development, quality control, product development, polymer science and environmental control. Most graduates of the with textile management program initially enter management trainee programs which can ultimately lead to plant or corporate management. Other career options include technical sales, industrial engineering, product development, marketing, customer relations, human resources, and cost and inventory control.
Textile engineering (TE) or textile technology deals with the application of scientific and engineering principles to the design and control of all aspects of fiber, textile, and apparel processes, products, and machinery. These include natural and man-made materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation, and waste and pollution control. Additionally, textile engineers are given training and experience in plant design and layout, machine and wet process design and improvement, and designing and creating textile products.Textile classes are about; fibers, yarns, fabrics, dying and finishing process.Textile engineers work on product research and development, either improving current textile based products or creating new products. They may also be involved with finding uses for new fibers, yarns, fabrics, or textile finishes.
There are some specialization like:
** Textile chemical technology: It deals with the innovative solutions to today and tomorrow's textile wet processing opportunities.
** Fiber science technology: It deals with fiber and polymer research, helps to develops new fibers, and tries to increase the productive capacity.
** Technical textile: Technical textiles are the term given to textile products manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion. These include textile structures for autmotive applications, medical textiles ( e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of enbankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire figther clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection and bulletproof vests),spacesuits(astraunats).nufactured for non aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion.
** Computer application in textile: This study helps the engineers to design various products with the help of computers.
Graduates with textile chemistry find careers in dyeing and finishing, technical services, research and development, quality control, product development, polymer science and environmental control. Most graduates of the with textile management program initially enter management trainee programs which can ultimately lead to plant or corporate management. Other career options include technical sales, industrial engineering, product development, marketing, customer relations, human resources, and cost and inventory control.
FIBERS AND FABRICS
Fibres:
Textile materials are made three in stages:
* Spinning fibres into yarns
* Weaving or knitting yarns to make fabrics
* Finishing fabrics to make them more useful
There are three types of fibres. They are:
1. Natural fibres
2. Synthetic or man-made fibres
3. Modern fibres
1. Natural Fibres
Natural fibres come from plants and animals: cotton from the cotton plant, linen from the flax plant, wool from sheep, silk from silkworms.
** Natural fibres from plants:
Cotton: It is cool to wear, has a soft handle, a good drape, and is durable. It can be washed and ironed, but it creases easily, is very absorbent and dries slowly. It is used for making jeans, t-shirts and towels.
Linen: It is fresh and cool to wear, has a stiffer handle, and a good drape. It is used for summer clothing, tea towels and tablecloths.
**Natural fibres from animals:
Wool: It is warm to wear, absorbent, dries slowly, is breathable. But it doesn't have good drape, and is not durable .It is used for jumpers, suits and blankets.
Silk: It is warm to wear, absorbent, has a soft handle and a good lustre and drape. It is used for evening wear and ties.
2. Synthetic Fibres
Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals: viscose comes from pine trees or petrochemicals, while acrylic, nylon and polyester come from oil and coal.
Viscose: It has a soft handle, a good drape and can be washed and ironed. It is not durable and creases easily. It is used for shirts, dresses and linings.
Acrylic: It is warm to wear, non-absorbent, and fast-drying, with a soft handle like wool, and a good drape.It is used for jumpers, fleece jackets and blankets.
Polyester: It has a soft handle, a good drape, is very durable, crease-resistant, easy-care, non-absorbent, and fast drying. It is used for raincoats, fleece jackets, children's nightwear, medical textiles and working clothes.
Nylon: It has a soft handle, a good drape, is non-absorbent, fast drying, very durable, crease-resistant and easy-care. It is used for active sportswear, fleece jackets, socks and seat belts.
3. Modern fibres
** Microfibres can be blended with other synthetic or natural fibres.
** Microfibres are used for outdoor-pursuits clothing and active sportswear.
** Thermoplastic polyester or nylon microfibres can be heat-treated to give them coils, crimps and loops, which makes these textured yarns stretchy and warm. They are used for underwear, sportswear, knitwear and carpets.
Elastane (Lycra): This is always used in a blend with other fibres. It has good handle and drape, is durable, crease-resistant, stretchy (more comfortable) and is easy-care. It is used to make sportswear, body-hugging clothes and bandages.
Tencel: This is natural microfibre made from cellulose derived from wood-pulp. It has soft handle, good drape, is breathable, durable, crease-resistant, easy-care and biodegradable. It is absorbent and has low warmth.It is used for shirts and jeans.
Fabrics:
Most fabrics are made by weaving or knitting yarns together. Non-woven fabrics are made by bonding or felting fibres together.
1.Woven fabrics
2.Knitted fabrics
3.Non-woven fabrics
4.Modern, smart and combination fabrics
1. Woven fabrics
Woven fabrics are made up of a weft - the yarn going across the width of the fabric - and a warp - the yarn going down the length of the loom.The side of the fabric where the wefts are double back to form a non-fraying edge is called the selvedge.
There are two types of woven fabrics:
** Plain weave fabric
** Twill-weave fabric
2. Knitted fabrics
There are two types of knitted fabrics:
** Weft-knitted fabrics are made by hand or machine. Weft knitted fabric is made by looping together long length of yarn. The yarn runs in rows across the fabric. Weft knits are used for socks, T-shirts and jumpers.
** Warp-knitted fabric is made by machine and is used for swimwear. Warp knitted fabris is made by machine. The loops interlock vertically along the length of the fabric.
3. Non-woven fabrics
Non-woven fabric is made by bonding or felting:
** Bonded-fibre fabrics are made from webs of synthetic fibres bonded together with heat or adhesives. They are easy to sew, crease-resistant, do not fray and are stable to washing and dry-cleaning.
** Wool felt is a non-woven fabric made from animal hair or wool fibres matted together using moisture, heat and pressure. It is used for hats and slippers and in handcrafts.
4. Modern, smart and combination fabrics
Modern and smart fabrics are designed to maximise characteristics such as lightness, breathability, waterproofing etc - or to react to heat or light. They are usually manufactured using microfibres. The table shows some key modern fabrics and their properties.
Combination fabrics: Fabrics can be layered and combined to improve their handle, appearance or performance. For example:
- An interfacing fabric such as Vilene can be stitched or laminated to other fabrics. This reinforces, stiffens and gives strength to collars and cuffs and prevents the fabric from stretching or sagging.
- A quilted fabric has two or more layers sewn together to give an attractive appearance and added warmth.
- Gore-Tex can be laminated to another fabric using adhesive or heat. Gore-Tex is used for all-weather clothing and shoes because it is breathable and waterproof.
Choosing materials
It is important to choose materials that are fit for their purpose.
** Fibre content - should you use natural or synthetic fibres?
** Fabric construction - should you use woven, knitted or non-woven?
** Manufacturing processes - should you use dyeing, printing, mechanical finishing or chemical finishing?
** End-use of the fabric. What are you making - jeans, jumper, sportswear or a seatbelt?
** Maintenance. What are the aftercare requirements of the product?
Textile materials are made three in stages:
* Spinning fibres into yarns
* Weaving or knitting yarns to make fabrics
* Finishing fabrics to make them more useful
There are three types of fibres. They are:
1. Natural fibres
2. Synthetic or man-made fibres
3. Modern fibres
1. Natural Fibres
Natural fibres come from plants and animals: cotton from the cotton plant, linen from the flax plant, wool from sheep, silk from silkworms.
** Natural fibres from plants:
Cotton: It is cool to wear, has a soft handle, a good drape, and is durable. It can be washed and ironed, but it creases easily, is very absorbent and dries slowly. It is used for making jeans, t-shirts and towels.
Linen: It is fresh and cool to wear, has a stiffer handle, and a good drape. It is used for summer clothing, tea towels and tablecloths.
**Natural fibres from animals:
Wool: It is warm to wear, absorbent, dries slowly, is breathable. But it doesn't have good drape, and is not durable .It is used for jumpers, suits and blankets.
Silk: It is warm to wear, absorbent, has a soft handle and a good lustre and drape. It is used for evening wear and ties.
2. Synthetic Fibres
Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals: viscose comes from pine trees or petrochemicals, while acrylic, nylon and polyester come from oil and coal.
Viscose: It has a soft handle, a good drape and can be washed and ironed. It is not durable and creases easily. It is used for shirts, dresses and linings.
Acrylic: It is warm to wear, non-absorbent, and fast-drying, with a soft handle like wool, and a good drape.It is used for jumpers, fleece jackets and blankets.
Polyester: It has a soft handle, a good drape, is very durable, crease-resistant, easy-care, non-absorbent, and fast drying. It is used for raincoats, fleece jackets, children's nightwear, medical textiles and working clothes.
Nylon: It has a soft handle, a good drape, is non-absorbent, fast drying, very durable, crease-resistant and easy-care. It is used for active sportswear, fleece jackets, socks and seat belts.
3. Modern fibres
** Microfibres can be blended with other synthetic or natural fibres.
** Microfibres are used for outdoor-pursuits clothing and active sportswear.
** Thermoplastic polyester or nylon microfibres can be heat-treated to give them coils, crimps and loops, which makes these textured yarns stretchy and warm. They are used for underwear, sportswear, knitwear and carpets.
Elastane (Lycra): This is always used in a blend with other fibres. It has good handle and drape, is durable, crease-resistant, stretchy (more comfortable) and is easy-care. It is used to make sportswear, body-hugging clothes and bandages.
Tencel: This is natural microfibre made from cellulose derived from wood-pulp. It has soft handle, good drape, is breathable, durable, crease-resistant, easy-care and biodegradable. It is absorbent and has low warmth.It is used for shirts and jeans.
Fabrics:
Most fabrics are made by weaving or knitting yarns together. Non-woven fabrics are made by bonding or felting fibres together.
1.Woven fabrics
2.Knitted fabrics
3.Non-woven fabrics
4.Modern, smart and combination fabrics
1. Woven fabrics
Woven fabrics are made up of a weft - the yarn going across the width of the fabric - and a warp - the yarn going down the length of the loom.The side of the fabric where the wefts are double back to form a non-fraying edge is called the selvedge.
There are two types of woven fabrics:
** Plain weave fabric
** Twill-weave fabric
2. Knitted fabrics
There are two types of knitted fabrics:
** Weft-knitted fabrics are made by hand or machine. Weft knitted fabric is made by looping together long length of yarn. The yarn runs in rows across the fabric. Weft knits are used for socks, T-shirts and jumpers.
** Warp-knitted fabric is made by machine and is used for swimwear. Warp knitted fabris is made by machine. The loops interlock vertically along the length of the fabric.
3. Non-woven fabrics
Non-woven fabric is made by bonding or felting:
** Bonded-fibre fabrics are made from webs of synthetic fibres bonded together with heat or adhesives. They are easy to sew, crease-resistant, do not fray and are stable to washing and dry-cleaning.
** Wool felt is a non-woven fabric made from animal hair or wool fibres matted together using moisture, heat and pressure. It is used for hats and slippers and in handcrafts.
4. Modern, smart and combination fabrics
Modern and smart fabrics are designed to maximise characteristics such as lightness, breathability, waterproofing etc - or to react to heat or light. They are usually manufactured using microfibres. The table shows some key modern fabrics and their properties.
Combination fabrics: Fabrics can be layered and combined to improve their handle, appearance or performance. For example:
- An interfacing fabric such as Vilene can be stitched or laminated to other fabrics. This reinforces, stiffens and gives strength to collars and cuffs and prevents the fabric from stretching or sagging.
- A quilted fabric has two or more layers sewn together to give an attractive appearance and added warmth.
- Gore-Tex can be laminated to another fabric using adhesive or heat. Gore-Tex is used for all-weather clothing and shoes because it is breathable and waterproof.
Choosing materials
It is important to choose materials that are fit for their purpose.
** Fibre content - should you use natural or synthetic fibres?
** Fabric construction - should you use woven, knitted or non-woven?
** Manufacturing processes - should you use dyeing, printing, mechanical finishing or chemical finishing?
** End-use of the fabric. What are you making - jeans, jumper, sportswear or a seatbelt?
** Maintenance. What are the aftercare requirements of the product?
Unit 1: ENGINEERING MATERIALS IRON AND STEEL
Questions and Answers:
1. What is the first stage of the smelting of iron ore?
** Smelting of iron ore takes place in a blast furnace.At the beginning of the process the furnace is charged with coke(C), iron ore (Fe2O3) and limestone (CaCO3), which are placed in alternate layers.
2. What is the second stage?
** Then a blast of hot air at high pressure enters through the tuyere at the bottom of the furnace.
3. When does the coke burn to form carbaon dioxide?
** At the second stage the coke burns to form carbon dioxide.
4. Which reactions are simultaneous?
** The carbom monoxide then reacts with the hot iron ore, forming iron and carbon dioxide. At the same time, the limestone absorbs earthy impuruties from the ore, forming a liquid know as slag.
5. Why does the slag float on top of the molten iron?
** Because they are two layers there.
6. What is the final stage of the smelting of iron ore?
** The molten crude iron and slag pass out of the furnace at different levels.
1. What is the first stage of the smelting of iron ore?
** Smelting of iron ore takes place in a blast furnace.At the beginning of the process the furnace is charged with coke(C), iron ore (Fe2O3) and limestone (CaCO3), which are placed in alternate layers.
2. What is the second stage?
** Then a blast of hot air at high pressure enters through the tuyere at the bottom of the furnace.
3. When does the coke burn to form carbaon dioxide?
** At the second stage the coke burns to form carbon dioxide.
4. Which reactions are simultaneous?
** The carbom monoxide then reacts with the hot iron ore, forming iron and carbon dioxide. At the same time, the limestone absorbs earthy impuruties from the ore, forming a liquid know as slag.
5. Why does the slag float on top of the molten iron?
** Because they are two layers there.
6. What is the final stage of the smelting of iron ore?
** The molten crude iron and slag pass out of the furnace at different levels.
15 Nisan 2008 Salı
A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Answer the following questions about the passage:
1. What makes up a computer system ?
∆ It makes up the control, unit the aritmetic and logic unit, and main memory.
2. How does the Arithmetic and Logic Unit work ?
∆ The Arithmetic and Logic Unit, which contains wired operators and registers, deals with calculations.
3. What are the differences between main memory and back-up storage ?
∆ The main memory saves large quantities of data on media and fetches only when required as different from back-up storage.
4. Can you give some examples of back-up storage ?
∆ Yes, I can give magnetic disks and magnetic tapes as examples.
5. What does a front-end processor do ?
∆ It may be required to control the flow of data between the CPU and various peripherals.
6. What are the different elements that surround a CPU ?
∆ CPU is surrounded by input, output, input-output peripherals. So, input peripherals include keyboards, lightpens and even microphones etc.
7. What are I/O devices ? Can you give any examples ?
∆ Input/output peripherals can be used for both of the above-mentioned function and can work either way.
∆ Yes, I can give disk drivers as typical examples.
8. What do the terms ‘on-line’ and ‘off-line’ refer to ?
∆ Any such devices directly connected to the CPU are called on-line peripherals, as opposed to off-line peripherals.
9. What does ‘data acquisition’ mean ?
∆ It consists of editing raw data so that it can be fed into a computer in a form the computer can recognised.
10. How is the data outputted ?
∆ The data are then processed and the results either printed or displayed on a screen in a large computer system or mainframe computer.
11. What is a mainframe system protected against, and why ?
∆ The mainframe system is protected against as uninterrupted power supply which regulates any fluctuation in voltage from the mains supply as well as providing an emergency power supply, should there be a power cut. Because a power cut would result not only in the break down off the computer but also the loss of all the data being processed.
12. What else should an efficient system have ?
∆ The efficient system should have air conditioning and dust must be kept to a minimum.
1. What makes up a computer system ?
∆ It makes up the control, unit the aritmetic and logic unit, and main memory.
2. How does the Arithmetic and Logic Unit work ?
∆ The Arithmetic and Logic Unit, which contains wired operators and registers, deals with calculations.
3. What are the differences between main memory and back-up storage ?
∆ The main memory saves large quantities of data on media and fetches only when required as different from back-up storage.
4. Can you give some examples of back-up storage ?
∆ Yes, I can give magnetic disks and magnetic tapes as examples.
5. What does a front-end processor do ?
∆ It may be required to control the flow of data between the CPU and various peripherals.
6. What are the different elements that surround a CPU ?
∆ CPU is surrounded by input, output, input-output peripherals. So, input peripherals include keyboards, lightpens and even microphones etc.
7. What are I/O devices ? Can you give any examples ?
∆ Input/output peripherals can be used for both of the above-mentioned function and can work either way.
∆ Yes, I can give disk drivers as typical examples.
8. What do the terms ‘on-line’ and ‘off-line’ refer to ?
∆ Any such devices directly connected to the CPU are called on-line peripherals, as opposed to off-line peripherals.
9. What does ‘data acquisition’ mean ?
∆ It consists of editing raw data so that it can be fed into a computer in a form the computer can recognised.
10. How is the data outputted ?
∆ The data are then processed and the results either printed or displayed on a screen in a large computer system or mainframe computer.
11. What is a mainframe system protected against, and why ?
∆ The mainframe system is protected against as uninterrupted power supply which regulates any fluctuation in voltage from the mains supply as well as providing an emergency power supply, should there be a power cut. Because a power cut would result not only in the break down off the computer but also the loss of all the data being processed.
12. What else should an efficient system have ?
∆ The efficient system should have air conditioning and dust must be kept to a minimum.
14 Nisan 2008 Pazartesi
MODAL FINAL TEST
Multiple Choice Exercise
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He must be exhausted after such a long flight.
2. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we don't have to read it if we don't want to.
3. Susan couldn't hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
4. The television isn't working. It must have been damaged during the move.
5. Kate: Can you hold your breath for more than a minute?Jack: No, I can't.
6. You don't have to be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.
7. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book must be wrong!
8. You couldn't do the job if you didn't speak Japanese fluently.
9. You shouldn't worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.
10. You have to be kidding! That can't be true.
11. You may leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.
12. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It must have cost a fortune.
13. Shall we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of the lake.
14. If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I would be floating down the Colorado River right now.
15. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ought to take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.
16. You had better take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.
17. The machine can be turned on by flipping this switch.
18. I can't stand these people - I have got to get out of here. I'm going to take off for awhile while you get rid of them.
19. You mustn't forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
20. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. Can't you think once in a while before you speak?
21. Terry and Frank said they would come over right after work, so they should be here by 6:00.
22. Yesterday, I had to cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.
23. We shall no longer suffer the injustice of oppression! Freedom shall be ours!
24. If I had gone to the University of Miami, I could have participated in their Spanish immersion program.
25. The lamp might not be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He must be exhausted after such a long flight.
2. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we don't have to read it if we don't want to.
3. Susan couldn't hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
4. The television isn't working. It must have been damaged during the move.
5. Kate: Can you hold your breath for more than a minute?Jack: No, I can't.
6. You don't have to be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.
7. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book must be wrong!
8. You couldn't do the job if you didn't speak Japanese fluently.
9. You shouldn't worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.
10. You have to be kidding! That can't be true.
11. You may leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.
12. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It must have cost a fortune.
13. Shall we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of the lake.
14. If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I would be floating down the Colorado River right now.
15. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ought to take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.
16. You had better take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.
17. The machine can be turned on by flipping this switch.
18. I can't stand these people - I have got to get out of here. I'm going to take off for awhile while you get rid of them.
19. You mustn't forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
20. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. Can't you think once in a while before you speak?
21. Terry and Frank said they would come over right after work, so they should be here by 6:00.
22. Yesterday, I had to cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.
23. We shall no longer suffer the injustice of oppression! Freedom shall be ours!
24. If I had gone to the University of Miami, I could have participated in their Spanish immersion program.
25. The lamp might not be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.
MODAL VERBS EXERCISE 7
Multiple Choice Exercise
1. I'm not really sure where Beverly is. She might be sitting in the living room, or perhaps she's in the backyard.
2. Doug must have returned the video we rented on his way to work. It was on the table, but now it's gone.
3. You ought to check the air pressure in your tires. You don't want to get a flat tire on your trip.
4. The computer isn't working. It must have been damaged during production.
5. The package should be delivered tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express mail this morning.
6. You have to book the tickets for the play in advance - they sell out quickly.
7. You can't mean that! You have got to be joking.
8. If Debbie hasn't come home yet, she must still be waiting for us in the coffee shop.
9. Mike decided not to join us for lunch. He had to stay at work to finish the marketing report.
10. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I would be lying on a white sand beach right now.
11. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I would not have had to come to work this week.
12. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I could have taken scuba diving lessons.
13. Margaret agreed to meet us at the entrance to the theater. She ought to be waiting for us when we get there.
14. It might have been Sam who called and didn't leave a message on the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend.
15. The machine can be turned on by flipping this switch.
16. She might have been crying. That could have been why her eyes were so red and swollen.
17. If she was crying, she must have been very upset.
18. That painting might not have been painted by Picasso. It could be a forgery.
19. Your diving equipment must be cleaned regularly if you want to keep it in good condition.
20. If I hadn't taken a taxi, I might have been waiting for you at the train station for hours.
1. I'm not really sure where Beverly is. She might be sitting in the living room, or perhaps she's in the backyard.
2. Doug must have returned the video we rented on his way to work. It was on the table, but now it's gone.
3. You ought to check the air pressure in your tires. You don't want to get a flat tire on your trip.
4. The computer isn't working. It must have been damaged during production.
5. The package should be delivered tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express mail this morning.
6. You have to book the tickets for the play in advance - they sell out quickly.
7. You can't mean that! You have got to be joking.
8. If Debbie hasn't come home yet, she must still be waiting for us in the coffee shop.
9. Mike decided not to join us for lunch. He had to stay at work to finish the marketing report.
10. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I would be lying on a white sand beach right now.
11. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I would not have had to come to work this week.
12. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I could have taken scuba diving lessons.
13. Margaret agreed to meet us at the entrance to the theater. She ought to be waiting for us when we get there.
14. It might have been Sam who called and didn't leave a message on the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend.
15. The machine can be turned on by flipping this switch.
16. She might have been crying. That could have been why her eyes were so red and swollen.
17. If she was crying, she must have been very upset.
18. That painting might not have been painted by Picasso. It could be a forgery.
19. Your diving equipment must be cleaned regularly if you want to keep it in good condition.
20. If I hadn't taken a taxi, I might have been waiting for you at the train station for hours.
MODAL VERBS EXERCISE 6
Multiple Choice Exercise
1.Donna: If I won the ten million dollar lottery jackpot, I could afford to quit my job and travel the world.
Sam: Where would you go if you had that much money?
Donna: I don't know, I might choose to spend a year in Paris - or perhaps I might go to Kenya.
Sam: How often do you buy lottery tickets?
Donna: Never... I guess if I want to win the lottery, I should try buying some tickets.
Sam: That would help.
2.Waitress: Hi, my name is Sandy - I'll be your waitress tonight. What can I get for you?
Tony: I haven't decided yet. Is there anything you would recommend? Is there anything you think I should try?
Waitress: You might try the Cajun catfish - or perhaps the Gumbo. They're both delicious.
Tony: That sounds wonderful, but that could be a little too spicy for me. Actually, the prawns sound good. Umm, could I have the barbecued prawns?
Waitress: Sure, would you like a salad with that?
3.Jan: What should we look for in a candidate when we vote in a presidential election?
Peter: I think citizens should vote for a President who has the ability to improve the quality of life in the United States.
Jan: What would you do if you were President of the United States?
Peter: I would focus on reducing environmental pollution.
Jan: Every candidate always says he's going to do that, but it's a really complicated problem - it's not one which is easily solved. What makes you think you would actually stop pollution?
1.Donna: If I won the ten million dollar lottery jackpot, I could afford to quit my job and travel the world.
Sam: Where would you go if you had that much money?
Donna: I don't know, I might choose to spend a year in Paris - or perhaps I might go to Kenya.
Sam: How often do you buy lottery tickets?
Donna: Never... I guess if I want to win the lottery, I should try buying some tickets.
Sam: That would help.
2.Waitress: Hi, my name is Sandy - I'll be your waitress tonight. What can I get for you?
Tony: I haven't decided yet. Is there anything you would recommend? Is there anything you think I should try?
Waitress: You might try the Cajun catfish - or perhaps the Gumbo. They're both delicious.
Tony: That sounds wonderful, but that could be a little too spicy for me. Actually, the prawns sound good. Umm, could I have the barbecued prawns?
Waitress: Sure, would you like a salad with that?
3.Jan: What should we look for in a candidate when we vote in a presidential election?
Peter: I think citizens should vote for a President who has the ability to improve the quality of life in the United States.
Jan: What would you do if you were President of the United States?
Peter: I would focus on reducing environmental pollution.
Jan: Every candidate always says he's going to do that, but it's a really complicated problem - it's not one which is easily solved. What makes you think you would actually stop pollution?
MODAL VERBS EXERCISE 5
may had better have got to shall
1. I know it's rather rude, but may I ask you where you purchased that pocket watch? I have been looking for one like that for my father.
2. You had better look good for your interview if you want to get the sales job. You had better wear the white shirt and the maroon tie. I think that'll look really professional.
3. I have got to be at work tomorrow by 7:00. I have got to give a marketing presentation to one of our clients.
4. It's pretty hot in the desert at this time of year. If we are going to do some hiking, we had better take at least two or three quarts of water with us. Actually, it may be hotter than we expect out there - maybe we should take a gallon or more.
5. You may leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.
6. I can't stand these people - I have got to get out of here. I'm going to take off for awhile while you get rid of them. When I get back, they had better be gone.
7. may I try a little of your Black Forest cake? It looks absolutely delicious - I have got to taste it!
8. You had better take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.
9. You have got to take along some cash. The restaurant doesn't accept credit cards.
10. shall we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of the lake.
11. I'm not really sure if Susan is going to go snowboarding with us or not. She may decide to stay here and study for her Japanese final. She has got to get a good score on the test if she wants to qualify to study abroad in Tokyo next semester.
12. may I have a look at that necklace there in the display case. It's exactly what I've been looking for.
13. We shall no longer suffer the injustice of oppression. We shall never give up the struggle for freedom!
14. You have got to be joking! If you think I'm going to give you a tip after you mixed up the meal orders, spilled wine on me and insulted my wife, you had better get your head examined!!!
15. Ian, Evelyn and Deborah will be attending the conference. I shall be attending as well.
1. I know it's rather rude, but may I ask you where you purchased that pocket watch? I have been looking for one like that for my father.
2. You had better look good for your interview if you want to get the sales job. You had better wear the white shirt and the maroon tie. I think that'll look really professional.
3. I have got to be at work tomorrow by 7:00. I have got to give a marketing presentation to one of our clients.
4. It's pretty hot in the desert at this time of year. If we are going to do some hiking, we had better take at least two or three quarts of water with us. Actually, it may be hotter than we expect out there - maybe we should take a gallon or more.
5. You may leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.
6. I can't stand these people - I have got to get out of here. I'm going to take off for awhile while you get rid of them. When I get back, they had better be gone.
7. may I try a little of your Black Forest cake? It looks absolutely delicious - I have got to taste it!
8. You had better take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.
9. You have got to take along some cash. The restaurant doesn't accept credit cards.
10. shall we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of the lake.
11. I'm not really sure if Susan is going to go snowboarding with us or not. She may decide to stay here and study for her Japanese final. She has got to get a good score on the test if she wants to qualify to study abroad in Tokyo next semester.
12. may I have a look at that necklace there in the display case. It's exactly what I've been looking for.
13. We shall no longer suffer the injustice of oppression. We shall never give up the struggle for freedom!
14. You have got to be joking! If you think I'm going to give you a tip after you mixed up the meal orders, spilled wine on me and insulted my wife, you had better get your head examined!!!
15. Ian, Evelyn and Deborah will be attending the conference. I shall be attending as well.
MODAL VERBS EXERCISE 4
Multiple Choice Exercise
1. Unfortunately, James and Michelle had already made plans, so they couldn't come with us to the exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art.
2. They have had several major snow storms in the mountains during the last month. We had better call the highway patrol to check road conditions. The road to Smithsville might not be passable.
3. We should call Tim before we go over to his house; he might not be there. I don't want to drive all the way there for nothing.
4. In order to win the pie eating contest, Norman would have to eat sixteen pies in ten minutes. He couldn't possibly eat that many pies - he would explode!
5. I know Eve wants to go to the ballet with us, but we'd better call her before we get her ticket. She works Wednesday nights, and she might not be able to get time off that evening.
6. Susan couldn't hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
7. It might not be a bad idea to take some snacks along while we're hiking. Last time, we got so hungry we had to come back early without finishing the hike.
8. Jerry might be angry, or he might not. You never really know with him because he's so temperamental.
9. Jerry couldn't be angry at me. I've never done anything to upset him.
10. The lamp might not be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.
11. When you were a child, you could swim from here to the little island in the middle of the river, couldn't you? At least, that's what your father told me.
12. She couldn't possibly be the winner of the talent show! The other acts were much better than hers.
13. Frank and Sarah couldn't get tickets to the concert. The concert was sold out a little over an hour after tickets went on sale.
14. I heard that band is really popular, and tickets sell out quickly. You might not get tickets if you wait too long.
15. That concert has been sold out for weeks. You couldn't get tickets even if you knew the band personally. It's impossible!
16. It might not be a bad idea to get a car alarm for your new sports car. New cars tend to attract thieves.
17. That couldn't possibly be Mr. Jones. He's lost so much weight that he looks like a completely different person.
18. You couldn't do the job if you didn't speak Arabic fluently.
19. Jane and Bill might not have gotten the invitation to the party. Perhaps, that's why they didn't show up. I doubt they would actually skip your birthday party - they're your best friends!20. I couldn't have left my keys at Simon's house. I wouldn't have been able to drive home if I had done that. They must be somewhere here in the apartment. Let's keep looking.
1. Unfortunately, James and Michelle had already made plans, so they couldn't come with us to the exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art.
2. They have had several major snow storms in the mountains during the last month. We had better call the highway patrol to check road conditions. The road to Smithsville might not be passable.
3. We should call Tim before we go over to his house; he might not be there. I don't want to drive all the way there for nothing.
4. In order to win the pie eating contest, Norman would have to eat sixteen pies in ten minutes. He couldn't possibly eat that many pies - he would explode!
5. I know Eve wants to go to the ballet with us, but we'd better call her before we get her ticket. She works Wednesday nights, and she might not be able to get time off that evening.
6. Susan couldn't hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
7. It might not be a bad idea to take some snacks along while we're hiking. Last time, we got so hungry we had to come back early without finishing the hike.
8. Jerry might be angry, or he might not. You never really know with him because he's so temperamental.
9. Jerry couldn't be angry at me. I've never done anything to upset him.
10. The lamp might not be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.
11. When you were a child, you could swim from here to the little island in the middle of the river, couldn't you? At least, that's what your father told me.
12. She couldn't possibly be the winner of the talent show! The other acts were much better than hers.
13. Frank and Sarah couldn't get tickets to the concert. The concert was sold out a little over an hour after tickets went on sale.
14. I heard that band is really popular, and tickets sell out quickly. You might not get tickets if you wait too long.
15. That concert has been sold out for weeks. You couldn't get tickets even if you knew the band personally. It's impossible!
16. It might not be a bad idea to get a car alarm for your new sports car. New cars tend to attract thieves.
17. That couldn't possibly be Mr. Jones. He's lost so much weight that he looks like a completely different person.
18. You couldn't do the job if you didn't speak Arabic fluently.
19. Jane and Bill might not have gotten the invitation to the party. Perhaps, that's why they didn't show up. I doubt they would actually skip your birthday party - they're your best friends!20. I couldn't have left my keys at Simon's house. I wouldn't have been able to drive home if I had done that. They must be somewhere here in the apartment. Let's keep looking.
MODAL VERBS EXERCISE 3
might must should
1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you should at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine.
2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she might show up at the party if she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday.
3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she should be here by 6:00.
4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move him - he might have internal injuries. Somebody call an ambulance.
5. You must be kidding! That can't be true.
6. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to change the channel. Fiona: I don't know. It might be under the couch. Or, perhaps I absent-mindedly took it into the kitchen. I'll check in there.
7. For most people, learning a language is a challenging undertaking. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you must practice the language regularly and push yourself to maintain old vocabulary while acquiring new words and expressions.
8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he should start walking once a day.
9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they might really enjoy a nice day at the beach.
10. Tim: While I was a student, I spent a year and a half studying Pygmy culture in the Central African Republic. My research focused on unique aspects of the their social structure and religion. Simona: That must have been absolutely fascinating!
11. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He might not be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing.
12. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he should take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.
13. You shouldn't worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.
14. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip must cost a fortune. I doubt I could afford something like that.
15. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers grow. Since some people might be allergic to chemicals in artificial plant foods, the book says that you should use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations.
1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you should at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine.
2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she might show up at the party if she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday.
3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she should be here by 6:00.
4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move him - he might have internal injuries. Somebody call an ambulance.
5. You must be kidding! That can't be true.
6. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to change the channel. Fiona: I don't know. It might be under the couch. Or, perhaps I absent-mindedly took it into the kitchen. I'll check in there.
7. For most people, learning a language is a challenging undertaking. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you must practice the language regularly and push yourself to maintain old vocabulary while acquiring new words and expressions.
8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he should start walking once a day.
9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they might really enjoy a nice day at the beach.
10. Tim: While I was a student, I spent a year and a half studying Pygmy culture in the Central African Republic. My research focused on unique aspects of the their social structure and religion. Simona: That must have been absolutely fascinating!
11. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He might not be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing.
12. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he should take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.
13. You shouldn't worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.
14. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip must cost a fortune. I doubt I could afford something like that.
15. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers grow. Since some people might be allergic to chemicals in artificial plant foods, the book says that you should use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations.
MODAL VERBS EXERCISE 2
must have to
1. I have to be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on time.
2. You mustn't submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address, and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will have to reapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them?Stephanie: It must have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers.
4. You mustn't forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
5. You don't have to be so rude! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.
6. If you are over 18 in California, you don't have to take a driver training course to get a driver's license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you must still get your permit before you start practicing.
7. You don't have to be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.
8. Ed: My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I had to have it towed more than a hundred miles to the nearest mechanic.Lilly: That must have cost a fortune!
9. While hiking in Alaska, you must keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you mustn't approach it. They are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. You don't have to be afraid of them, but educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe.
10. I don't have to go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing about a day off from work is that I don't have to get up at 6:00; I can sleep in till noon if I want to.
11. Yesterday, I had to cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.
12. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport.Barbara: She must still be sitting there waiting for us.
13. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition. She doesn't have to worry at all about the increasing cost of education.
14. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, "One mustn't eat with one's mouth open." Or, she would correct us by saying, "One mustn't rest one's elbows on the table." And every time I wanted to leave the table, she would say, "One must ask to be excused."
15. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book must be wrong!
1. I have to be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on time.
2. You mustn't submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address, and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will have to reapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent them?Stephanie: It must have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers.
4. You mustn't forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
5. You don't have to be so rude! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.
6. If you are over 18 in California, you don't have to take a driver training course to get a driver's license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you must still get your permit before you start practicing.
7. You don't have to be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.
8. Ed: My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I had to have it towed more than a hundred miles to the nearest mechanic.Lilly: That must have cost a fortune!
9. While hiking in Alaska, you must keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you mustn't approach it. They are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. You don't have to be afraid of them, but educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe.
10. I don't have to go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing about a day off from work is that I don't have to get up at 6:00; I can sleep in till noon if I want to.
11. Yesterday, I had to cram all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.
12. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport.Barbara: She must still be sitting there waiting for us.
13. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition. She doesn't have to worry at all about the increasing cost of education.
14. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, "One mustn't eat with one's mouth open." Or, she would correct us by saying, "One mustn't rest one's elbows on the table." And every time I wanted to leave the table, she would say, "One must ask to be excused."
15. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book must be wrong!
MODAL VERBS EXERCISE 1
can could have to must might should
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He could be exhausted after such a long flight. He could prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you can walk downtown and explore the waterfront.
3. Hiking the trail to the peak can be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You must research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you mustn't leave small objects lying around. Such objects can be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
5. Dave: can you hold your breath for more than a minute?Nathan: No, I can't.
6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It must have cost a fortune.
7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they could die.
8. I could speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I can just say a few things in the language.
9. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we don't have to read it if we don't want to.
10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It should be in this drawer but it's not here.Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It might be in there. That's the only other place it could be.
11. You should take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it could rain later on this afternoon.
12. can we pull over at the next rest stop? I really have to use the bathroom and I don't know if I can hold it until we get to Chicago.
13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He must have left it here last night.
14. Ned: can I borrow your lighter for a minute?Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you can keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.
15. I couldn't believe she said that to Megan! She didn't have to insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She could have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.
16. Do you have to chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.
17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer must be someone in this room. It could be any one of us!!!
18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.Pamela: It could have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.
19. must you always say the first thing that pops into your head? couldn't you think once in awhile before you speak?
20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It must be lying around here somewhere. Where can it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He could be exhausted after such a long flight. He could prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you can walk downtown and explore the waterfront.
3. Hiking the trail to the peak can be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You must research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you mustn't leave small objects lying around. Such objects can be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
5. Dave: can you hold your breath for more than a minute?Nathan: No, I can't.
6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It must have cost a fortune.
7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they could die.
8. I could speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I can just say a few things in the language.
9. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we don't have to read it if we don't want to.
10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It should be in this drawer but it's not here.Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It might be in there. That's the only other place it could be.
11. You should take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it could rain later on this afternoon.
12. can we pull over at the next rest stop? I really have to use the bathroom and I don't know if I can hold it until we get to Chicago.
13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He must have left it here last night.
14. Ned: can I borrow your lighter for a minute?Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you can keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.
15. I couldn't believe she said that to Megan! She didn't have to insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She could have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.
16. Do you have to chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.
17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer must be someone in this room. It could be any one of us!!!
18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.Pamela: It could have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.
19. must you always say the first thing that pops into your head? couldn't you think once in awhile before you speak?
20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It must be lying around here somewhere. Where can it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
HOW LAPTOPS WORK
INGLÉS II: PRÁCTICA DE AULA 4
1.- How Laptops Work
2.- Grammar Revision: Modal verbs
Name: ………ELİF ALIŞ………
1. Access this website:
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/laptop.htm
- Explain how laptops differ from desktops.
The laptops are completely portable, and they use less power and make less notice than desktops models. But they are often a little slower and have less graphics and sound processing power. Nevertheless most users prefer the laptops. So laptops are also more expensive than desktops, laptops prices are falling faster than desktop prices. The laptops have battery for power to use portable. Keyboards and mouse are on the laptop. Also laptops have wireless system.
Like a desktop, a laptop has an internal hard disk drive, which stores the operating system, applications and data files. However, laptops generally have less disk space than desktops. A laptop hard drive is also physically smaller than that of a desktop. In addition, most laptop hard drives spin more slowly than desktop hard drives, reducing both heat and power consumption.
- What are the disadvantages of laptops?
Disadvantages: Laptops are more expensive price, have less disk space, have smaller hard drive more slowly, have less graphics and sound processing power than desktops.
- What are the main features of laptop components? (Processor, memory and storage, display and sound, power supplies)
A laptop’s memory can make up for some of the reduced performance that comes from a slower processor. Some laptops have cache memory on or very near the CPU, allowing it the access data more quickly. Some also have larger busses, allowing data to move between the processor, motherboard and memory more quickly. The motherboard is one piece of equipment that ties everything together, allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another. A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a microprocessor that handles the calculations necessary for 3-D graphics rendering. Most laptops have graphics capability built into the motherboard or have smaller graphics cards with a GPU designed specifically for laptop use. Laptops frequently share memory between the CPU and GPU, saving spaces and reducing power consumption.
Most laptops also have sounds cards or integrated sound processing on the motherboard as well as small, built-in speakers. Laptops have small batteries so laptops are portable and can run on batteries alone. Lilon batteries are the current standard for laptop computers. They are light and have long life spans.
- What are whitebooks?
A¬ modded or homemade laptop is called a whitebook.
-Who invented the laptop?
William Moggridge of Grid Systems Corporation invented it.
-When was it invented?
It was invented in 1979.
- Describe what kind of laptop Gavilan computer and Apple Computer produced.
Gavilan computer and Apple introduced other portable computers. The first commercially viable machine however was the IBM PC Convertible, introduced in 1986. The PC Convertible featured:
• An 8088 microprocessor
• 256 kilobytes of memory
• Two 3.5-inch (8.9-cm) floppy drives
• An LCD display
• Parallel and serial printer ports
• Space for an internal modem
• A software suite including basic word processing, appointment calendar, telephone/address book, and calculator software
-Summarize the main ideas from the two video clips and paste them on your blog
First video: How to add RAM to a laptop?
There is a part behind of laptop which contains two slides. One of them is open. We can fix new RAM in this part, so we can do everything very quickly.
Second video: How to buy a laptop?
Typical use: purchase ‘sale’ laptop verify it has 512 Mb RAM
Heavy use: Processor 2 GHz+
RAM 1 Gb+
Screen 1024 x 768+
Hard drive 80 Gb+
DVD writer
Wireless network 802.11 g
The first important thing is processor. Processor is sold in units of MHz and GHz. For heavy works, it must be 2 GHz. Second important topic is amount of ram /size of ram. There are three types of ram's size. These are 256 MB, 512 MB and 1 GB. 256 MB isn't enough and 512 MB is for typical use and 1 GB is for heavy use. Screen size: most low cost screen size loptops have 1024*768 pixel. This is typical screen size. If you want to buy loptop that has higher pixel,you have to pay extra money for more pixel. Hard discs are sold in unit of GB. 40 GB is typical harddisc but it is not enough. For heavy use like storing sounds and photographers, 80 GB is more suitable. Optical drive:we can have 3 options.these are CD or DVD reader,CD writer and dvd writer. CD writer is nice because it is easy way to back up. DVD writer is nice , if you want to store more data. Wireless network: make sure we have a wireless network card. Typical wireless network card is 802,11 g.
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